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A stunning photograph of the historic Mount Tachu, known for its breathtaking hikes. Credit to AllThePeaks. Today’s article will discuss the oceans surrounding the island of Yakushima, Japan. Yakushima, Japan is located in the Kagoshima Prefecture. The island is in Southern Japan, & is located in the Ōsumi Islands archipelago. The island is known for its beautiful cedar wood forests, macaque monkeys, deer, Yaku Sagi trees, & their loggerhead turtle sights. Approximately 40% of all Loggerhead turtles coming into Japan are coming to Nagata Beach, on northern Yakushima Island. A big reason for the island being able to host such wonderful creatures is because the Yakushima National Park takes up 42% of the island. Part of the national park also includes a marine reserve, which hosts some of the loggerhead turtles. The name Yakushima translated into English means “Medicine Island”, due to the medicinal properties of the herbs there. Yakushima Island is approximately 285.58 nautical miles (328.639595 miles or 528.89416 kilometers) from mainland South Korea. Yakushima island is approximately 194.9 square miles (504.78868 square kilometers), of which 83.807 square miles (217.059134 square kilometers) is a National Park. Part of this national park contains a marine sanctuary, which protects the various marine creatures. Yakushima’s history spans 17,000 years, beginning in the south. It is designated as a Unesco World Heritage Center, for its ancient yakusagi trees. The highest elevation on the island is Mount Miyanoura, which is 6,352 feet (1936.09 meters). The current population of Yakushima is approximately 11,698. The main town on the island is also synonymously called Yakushima, the website of this town is currently  http://www.yakushima-town.jp/ . Administratively, the whole island is the town of Yakushima. There are approximately 21 different postal codes on the island. In this article, we will discuss the Documented History Of Yakushima, the Aboriginals of Yakushima, the Most Destructive Man-made & Natural Disasters of Yakushima, & finally the Economic state of Yakushima. With that being said, let us delve into this ethereal island.  The Documented History Of Yakushima Before Colonization Yakushima Island was formed when molten granite was forced upwards by tectonic movement, forming the island itself. After the formation of the island, granite slowly rose at a rate of 1 meter per thousand years, which formed the mountains on the island. This granite is still rising but at a much slower pace.  Yakushima has had humans around the island for at least 17,000 years, & on the island for at least 6,000. Evidence of human inhabitants has appeared in dwellings, ceramics, & fishing equipment. Yakushima most likely has more evidence, but very few archeological expeditions have taken place. It is for this reason that the prehistoric history of Yakushima island is extremely poorly understood. After Colonization By The Japanese Empire Historical Events From the 700’s After this Chinese priests began regularly going on missions to the island, the most prominent of which are Ganjin. Ganjin visited the island in the year 753. It is said that Ganjin did not think the island was particularly important, but he did acknowledge the island's medicinal resources.  Historical Events From The 900’s During the 900’s & the 1000’s the island became popular among Japanese Aristocracy, for its precious shells that were used as ornaments for various crafts.  Historical Events From 1000’s & 1100’s Yakushima continued to export shells in this century, & aside from that didn’t grow much economically or culturally. Historical Events From The 1200’s & 1300’s There is extremely little information on what exactly went on in this century, but there is information on the neighboring island of Tanegashima. Many have theorized that the reason for this lack of records is that Yakushima just generally, was unproductive.  Historical Events From The 1400’s In 1488, religious pilgrimages became more popular in Japanese Culture. These pilgrimages were to pay homage to the gods. It soon became common practice for villagers to venture deep into the Mountains once or twice a year to pray. This practice was officially known as Takemariri. Historical Events From The 1500’s In the year 1543, a few Portuguese explorers arrived on the nearby island of Tanegashima, with muskets, & sweet potatoes. They sold some of these sweet potatoes to the merchants of Yakushima, & some of their muskets. Sweet Potatoes soon became a national staple of the Japanese diet, & firearms became extremely popular for defense, in Yakushima. Also in this century, after the warlord Hideyoshi Toyotomi initiated combat with the Shimazu clan, & lost, the Shimuzu ordered some extremely old Yaku Sagi Trees to be cut down. These trees were cut down, & sent to Tokyo, but it is debated if they ever arrived.  Historical Events From The 1600’s During the 1600’s the lumber industry on the island grew massively. The reason for this was that a period of near-constant warfare ended during this century, prompting the construction of many new castles. Before this century, only small trees near the coast were cut down for domestic use, but now it is proposed that the large Yaku Sagi trees in the mountains should be cut. The islanders revered these trees as they were an extremely important part of their religion, so they rejected any of these ideas very quickly. However, a preacher, Tomari Jochiku, who was originally a citizen of the island returned & began convincing the villagers to cut these trees & expand the lumber industry. He convinced these villagers that he had spoken with the gods & that they had given the villagers permission to capitalize upon their lumber. It is theorized that he was counseled by the ruling Shimazu Clan to do this to capitalize on Yakushima’s abundant forests, but this is unclear. After this, Tomari was considered a local saint as he expanded the local economy & made many middle-class locals, very wealthy.  Historical Events From The 1700’s An Italian Missionary known as Giovanna Batista Sidotti arrived on the island. Sidotti did not travel as a part of a missionary group or program, instead visiting completely alone. Upon arrival, He was promptly taken prisoner in Nagasaki. While in Nagasaki, he befriended a politician named Arai Hakuseki. Hakuseki eventually arranged for Sidotti to sail to Tokyo on house arrest. Sidotti held a close relationship with Hakuseki until his unfortunate death in 1714. Right before his passing, it was discovered he converted his sailors to Christianity. This greatly angered the Japanese Authorities as Christianity had been outlawed in Japan in the 1630’s. As punishment, he was locked in the cellar of a building until his death, where his remains would stay until their discovery in 2014. After this, Yakushima seemingly disappeared from the records once again.  Historical Events From The 1800’s Yakushima reappeared in the records during the 1800s when Land Surveys were taken of the island. In these surveys it was noted for its natural environmental value, & fishing value. Around this time, the Hiragi industry also grew. Hiragi are Cedar Wood roofing tiles, that are durable, water-resistant, & easy to transport. It was so popular that the island's annual stipend began being paid in Hiragi tiles, instead of rice. This unfortunately came to a massive halt when the shogunate collapsed in 1868. This industry wouldn’t begin recovering for at least another decade. Historical Events From The 1900’s  The Hiragi industry continued rising up until the start of World War 2 when it began falling apart. The industry slowly recovered afterward, & cedar wood roofing shingles are still produced to this day. The majority of the trees on the island near the interior regions of the island were cut down & sent to mainland Japan. A logging village called Kosugidani was established in the 1920s to facilitate more forestry. The logging officially stopped in 1970, & the last villagers left in 1972. The remains of this village can be found deep in the mountains today. The Aboriginals Of Yakushima Island  Unfortunately, we simply do not have enough information to discuss the aboriginal Japanese of Yakushima, as there has not been enough archaeological data available to properly write a section.  The Most Destructive Man-Caused & Natural Disasters To Affect Yakushima Island During typhoon seasons, Yakushima is often hit by strong rain & wind. This often causes roadblocks, flooding, & generally bad conditions. Unfortunately, aside from these occasional typhoons, we cannot find any information on major disasters affecting Yakushima.  The Economy Of Yakushima Island The primary industries of the island are currently tourism, commercial fishing, & forestry. Also, the exporting of cedar wood shingles remains a prominent staple of the economy. The exporting of tea is also becoming increasingly popular. Tourism makes up approximately 72% of the economy of the island. Approximately 200,000 tourists visit Yakushima every year. Directories / Credits Citation No. 1: “Yakushima - A Brief History” Written by Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by YES! Yakushima. Retrieval Date: October 11th, 2023.  https://yesyakushima.com/facts-about- yakushima/yakushima-history Citation No. 2: “Yakushima - The Alps Of The Ocean” Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by YES! Yakushima. Retrieval Date: October 11th, 2023.  https://yesyakushima.com/yakushima-the-alps-of-the-ocean/ Citation No. 3: “About Yakushima” Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by Go! Yakushima. Retrieval Date: October 11th, 2023.  https://goyakushimatour.com/about-yakushima Strategic Partnerships  Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcasts STEMScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Anne Rudloe preparing to go diving at a U.S Naval Base in Panama City as a part of her involvement with the naval "Scientists in the Sea" program. This article is a part of our collection known as the Marine Hall Of Distinction. In this special collection, we will discuss marine biologists who we feel have served marine biology & oceanography the most. We do this in order to commemorate these marine biologists & to show gratitude for everything they have contributed to our oceans. Today’s marine biologist is Dr. Anne Rudloe, an American Marine Scientist.  Dr. Anne Rudloe is an American marine biologist, Zen Buddhist, author, conservationist, & co-founder of the Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory. She is well known for her numerous books on marine life, science communication, & efforts to bring people as a whole closer to the ocean.  In today's article, we are going to be discussing Dr. Rudloe's formative years & education, personal life & career, & finally her accomplishments achievements, honorable, & awards. With that being said, let us dive into today's article.  Her Formative Years & Education  Anne Rudloe was born Anne Eidemiller on December 24th, 1947 in Troy, Ohio. She soon moved to Hampton, Virginia, where she was raised, & would eventually go to university. Very little is known about her life prior to university. Rudloe graduated from university in 1969, with an undergraduate in biology from Mary Washington College in Virginia. Soon after in 1972, she earned a master's degree in Oceanography from Florida State University, for her thesis research on turtle grass beds.  She worked on her P.hd in Marine Biology for 6 years, before successfully completing it in 1978. Her dissertation was on the subject of behaviors in Atlantic Horseshoe Crabs. Her Personal Life & Career In 1971, Rudloe married her husband, Jack Rudloe, who was also a naturalist & author. It was here that she changed her name to match her husband's, leaving behind her maiden name of Eidemiller. Upon completing her P.hD, she went to train at the U.S Naval Base in Panama City as a part of their Scientists in the Sea Program, to study underwater diving. She completed the program, breaking glass ceilings in the process, as she was the first woman to complete the program. Thereafter, she became an adjunct professor at her Alma mater Florida State University. However, she would soon begin another new ambitious endeavor. In 1980, she co-founded the Panacea Institute of Marine Science in Panacea, Florida, an institute dedicated to marine biology. In 1990, she co-founded the Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory, also in Panacea, Florida, with her husband. She was the first managing director of the institution. It was started as a non-profit teaching organization a purpose which it currently fulfills. Modernly, the laboratory operates an aquarium available for the public to see, operates science outreach camps for children, & helps to rescue sick & injured animals off the coast of Florida. Over 250,000 children are believed to have toured the aquarium & been introduced to marine science as such, helping to fuel the next generation of oceanic innovation. Unfortunately, on April 27th, 2012, she passed away after a battle with colon cancer. She is survived by her husband, Jack Rudloe, & her son. In her personal life, she would frequently study Zen Buddhism. She received an INGA, also known as a Dharma Transmission, & a JDPSN certification from the Kwan Um School of Zen. She used her qualifications to begin as the Abbess at Cypress Tree Zen Center in Tennessee, which is effectively the head of a Buddhist nunnery or temple.  Her contributions to Zen Buddhism, Marine Life, Marine Conservation, & Ocean Science as a whole will not be forgotten, & have left a beautiful legacy behind.  Her Accomplishments, Achievements, Honorables, & Awards  She has authored 5 naturalistic books fiction & non-fiction books, including Butterflies on a Sea Wind, 2002, & Shrimp: The Endless Quest for Pink Gold, 2009.  She co-founded the Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory in Panacea, Florida, alongside her husband, Jack Rudloe. She was the leader of a Zen Buddhist Temple, serving as the Abbess, or head nun.  She was the first woman to complete the Scientists in the Sea U.S. Naval program. In 2020, she was posthumously named a River & Bay Champion by the Northwest Florida Water Management District. Her son & husband stood in her place to accept the award, with her husband saying "My family and I are deeply honored to accept this award on behalf of our wife and mother. Anne dedicated her life to teaching the next generation about the importance of our ecosystems using our local bays and rivers as her classroom,” as well as “Through her teachings at the FSU Center for Professional Development and Gulf Specimen Marine Lab she provided a voice for our coastal areas and helped to grow Champions of the future. We are proud to continue her legacy through our work every day at Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory in Panacea." She has authored numerous naturalistic articles for magazines such as National Geographic. She posthumously won the National Wetlands Award, which is an incredibly prestigious award from the Environmental Law Institute. In 2020, Gulf Marine Specimen Laboratory was awarded a 450,000$ grant by Volunteer Florida to build a new 2,000-square-foot state-of-the-art teaching facility, alongside a new parking lot. Along with this, they were given a land donation from Nancy & Gene Phipps to help construct their new facility. This new teaching facility is named the Anne Rudloe Memorial Education Center, & is currently conducting courses on aquaculture. Directories / Credits  Citation No. 1: "Anne Rudloe Education Center", Written by Unknown, & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory. Anne Rudloe Education Center Citation No. 2: "Jack & Anne Rudloe", Written by Unknown, & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the Environmental Law Institute. Jack and Anne Rudloe | Environmental Law Institute Citation 3: "Jack & Anne Rudloe Papers", Written by Jack & Anne Rudloe, & Published at varying dates. Collection assembled by the University of Florida. Collection: Jack and Anne Rudloe Papers | Special & Area Studies Collections Strategic Partnerships  Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast StemScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

A gorgeous photograph of Yakushima's coastline. Credit to Sam Spicer Photography. Today’s article will discuss the oceans surrounding the island of Yakushima, Japan. Yakushima, Japan is located in the Kagoshima Prefecture. The island is in Southern Japan, & is located in the Ōsumi Islands archipelago. The island is known for its beautiful cedar wood forests, macaque monkeys, deer, Yaku Sagi trees, & their loggerhead turtle sights. Approximately 40% of all Loggerhead turtles coming into Japan come to Nagata Beach, on northern Yakushima Island. A big reason for the island being able to host such wonderful creatures is because the Yakushima National Park takes up 42% of the island. Part of this national park also includes a marine reserve, which hosts some of the loggerhead turtles. The name Yakushima translated into English means “Medicine Island”, due to the medicinal properties of the herbs there. Yakushima Island is approximately 285.58 nautical miles (328.639595 miles or 528.89416 kilometers) from mainland South Korea. Yakushima island is approximately 194.9 square miles (504.78868 square kilometers), of which 83.807 square miles (217.059134 square kilometers) is a National Park. Part of this national park contains a marine sanctuary, which protects the various marine creatures. Additionally, the island has beautiful small lagoons, frequently visited by locals & tourists alike. These small lagoons provide a glimpse into what is considered the “other-worldly” marine ecosystems. The most popular beaches on the island are Isso Beach, Kurio Beach, Nagata Beach, Inakahama Beach, & Jodogahama Beach. In this article, we will discuss the salinity, tides, temperatures, & marine geography, of the island, the most prominent ecosystems of the island, the documented marine flora & fauna, & Finally, & how ocean acidification has affected the island. With that being said, let us delve into the oceans surrounding the spectacular, Yakushima Island.  The Salinity, Tides, Temperatures, Marine Geography, & Basic Information Of The Oceans Surrounding Yakushima Island Unfortunately, the salinity of Yakushima Island has yet to be measured. Since Yakushima Island rests in the Northern Pacific Ocean, it has a lesser salinity than the Atlantic. Salt deposits or brine pools have not been proven to be found around the island in higher concentrations than other areas. However, this could change. Since the average salinity of the water in the Pacific Ocean is 35 parts per thousand at any given time, it can be assumed that the salinity level is somewhere around that number. Salinity is measured in 1,000 grams. For every 1000 grams of water, there will be a certain number of grams that are pure salt. This is the way that salinity is currently measured. There are no external factors currently that seem to be affecting the salinity either. The tidal charts for Yakushima Island can be found on a variety of sources, including  https://tides4fishing.com ,  https://www.seatemperatu.re , &  https://www.tideschart.com . The tide usually never gets over 6.7 feet (2.04216 meters). The temperature charts for Yakushima can be found on similar websites, such as https://tides4fishing.com . As far as we are aware, Yakushima does not have high riptide, & is completely safe for swimmers, with the most popular beach for swimming being Isso Beach. Pollution isn’t an issue either, as the Japanese Government takes sanitation measures very seriously. Scuba diving, kayaking, and snorkeling are also fairly common, as Yakushima does have beautiful coral reefs. Due to the average temperature being a fair 66.56° Fahrenheit (19.2° Celsius), a 5-millimeter full-coverage wet suit is suggested to comfortably swim. Though in the summers, the temperature can go well over 28° Celsius (82.4 Fahrenheit) making it so that no wetsuit is required. The primary substances composing the oceanic floor are coral, sand, & rock. We unfortunately, are unable to figure out how deep the oceans surrounding Yakushima are, due to poor oceanic floor maps. The Most Prominent Marine Ecosystems Of Yakushima Island Ecosystem Type No. 1: Fringing Coral Reefs  The coral reefs nearby are usually within 30 feet of surface level & are directly against the coastline. They are absolutely beautiful & attract millions of dollars in tourism each year. These areas serve as a home, a habitat, & a hunting ground for many creatures. Not to mention that the coral itself is alive. The types of coral reefs around Yakushima, are known are fringing coral reefs instead of barrier reefs. Unfortunately, coral is extremely susceptible to oceanic acidification, as well as negative human activity. It is for this reason that there should be active conservation work to prevent the death of Yakushima’s beautiful coral reefs. Currently, these coral reefs house roughly 1 third of all fish species around Yakushima island, of which there are approximately 520. These coral reefs bring in the strangest of creatures, from sea snakes to pufferfish, Yakushima is an island that never ceases to amaze.  Ecosystem Type No. 2: Rocky Lagoons The lagoons around Yakushima are usually fairly shallow, & are often visited by humans. These lagoons usually have many different species of waterfowl nearby them, as the waterfowl prefer these kinds of ecosystems. These ecosystems also usually have patches of marine seagrass. These ecosystems are found fairly frequently around the island, & are often swimming in due to their shallow waters, & often beautiful views. This ecosystem is less biodiverse, but it is just as important. Usually, they are extremely close to the coastline, & have underwater rock formations near them.  The Documented Marine Flora Of Yakushima Island Unfortunately, we are unable to confirm what species of marine flora are found around Yakushima. This is largely due to the marine plant life of Yakushima being understudied.  The Documented Marine Fauna Of Yakushima Island Yakushima is extremely biodiverse on both land & in the sea. This is due to the extremely desirable conditions of Yakushima. These conditions are there largely due to the Kuroshiro Current, which supplies warm water to the island year-round. This gives Yakushima a much milder winter compared to the rest of Japan. These conditions are evidenced in that Yakushima island has approximately 520 species of Ray-Skinned Fish, & 78 species of marine mollusks. For those who would like to see a list of all of these species, please visit  https://www.inaturalist.org . The island has at least 2 species of endemic fauna, but neither of them are aquatic. By far, the most prominent species of marine fauna on the island is the Loggerhead turtle. It is extremely hard to establish how many species are in Yakushima at any given moment, as the majority of creatures migrate. For example, the Loggerhead turtle only migrates to Yakushima from April to September, to nest. This is why, all research experiments about the amount of marine fauna around the island must be done over a drawn-out period The best place to see Marine life on the island is Isso Beach, located on the northwestern side of the island.  Directories / Credits Citation No. 1: “Diving & Snorkelling” Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published By Yes Yakushima. Retrieval Date: October 5th, 2023.  https://yesyakushima.com/yakushima-activities/yakushima-ocean-activities/yakushima-diving-snorkelling/ Citation No. 2: “Wetsuit thickness and temperature guide” Written By Mark Evans, & Published On April 24th, 2023, at 3:05 PM. Published By Scuba Divers Magazine. Retrieval Date: October 5th, 2023. https://www.scubadivermag.com/wetsuit-thickness-and-temperature-guide/#Scuba_diving_wetsuits Citation No. 3: “Yakushima, JP, KS”, Written By To Many To Name, & Published at Varying Dates. Published By INaturalist. Retrieval Date: October 5th, 2023.  https://www.inaturalist.org/places/yakushima#page=10&taxon=47178 Citation No. 4: “MARINE LIFE in YAKUSHIMA” Written By Yakumonkey, & Published at an Unknown Date. Published By Yakumonkey. Retrieval Date October 5th, 2023. https://www.yakumonkey.com/marine-life-in-yakushima Strategic Partnerships  Reel Guppy Outdoors  SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcasts STEMScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

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The Persaud Foundation is a marine biology nonprofit organization, based in the United States. Our goals are to protect the ocean through education, conservation, & public involvement. The Persaud Foundation The Persaud Foundation The Persaud Foundation The Persaud Foundation We are a U.S 501(c)3 marine biological nonprofit organization, dedicated to protecting the ocean through education, & public involvement, & conservation. We currently run an electronic newsletter called The Persaud Catalog , publish online courses about marine biology, & conduct local conservation & education events in Southern California. The Three Pillars Of Our Organization Our Online Courses: We believe in raising ocean literacy, supporting the ocean through education, and supporting people's oceanic curiosities. For this reason, in August 2024, we officially launched our first course. We currently have three courses available, with three more under construction. Every course can be found here. For updates, please sign up for our mailing list! Our Electronic Newsletter: For those who wish to advance their marine biological knowledge, we publish an electronic marine biological newsletter approximately 5 times per month. We publish on a variety of topics within marine biology, from ecology to individual ocean creatures. We strive to have an article for everyone, & attract marine biological enthusiasts, professionals in the field, & all those with a curious mind. Each article can be found here. Our Public Conservation Events & Public Educational Events: We frequently conduct conservation events in California, such as Beach Cleanups. We cannot do this without people like you! To find out the closest beach cleanup, please consult our Events Calendar. We appreciate each & every volunteer that we get, & highly recommend getting involved if you want to make a difference. If you are interested in volunteering with us, please email us at thepersaudfoundation@gmail.com , or consult our Eventbrite page. In addition to this, we currently conduct local oceanic education events, which can also be found on our calendar. Reach Out To Us! Name Email Subject Message Submit Thank you for submitting! We willl respond to your message as soon as possible. What exactly does your organization do & what is its mission? We are dedicated to raising ocean literacy, protecting the ocean through education, conservation, & public involvement. As of 2024, we run our marine biological science communication newsletter The Persaud Catalog which published 5 times per month at least, we publish online courses, & we conduct public marine biological conservation events in California. We are a registered 501(c)3 nonprofit organization, based in the U.S. What exactly are your online courses? We believe in protecting the ocean through conservation, & education. Education about the sea is essential to conservation, as people cannot understand the needs of the sea & its creatures if they do not understand our ocean & its creatures. We currently have 3 available online courses , with 3 more under construction to be released soon. Our courses vary in topic, however, they typically are about oceanic animals, as people cannot understand the needs of these animals if they do not understand the animals in the first place. Our online courses can be found here. What is the benefit of reading your newsletter? Our newsletter, The Persaud Catalog, publishes approximately 5 times per month, with topics of articles ranging from individual marine animals, to how marine resources were used in different areas historically. In addition, we conduct interviews with marine scientists, ocean ecologists, conservationists, & science communicators alike to share the beauty, value, & wonder of the ocean & marine science with as many people as possible. We work our hardest to provide interesting, informative, & engaging articles to our supporters. Each of our articles can be found in the articles tab of our website, or to search for a specific article or topic, please use our navigational bar. Do you have an Oceanic Question or Question About our Nonprofit / Newsletter? Email Us & We’ll Get Back To You As Soon As Possible. Reach Out To Us